Pengetahuan umum : Penemuan baru - Vaksinasi instant dan universal

Ilmuwan

Amerika dibidang ilmu Bio-Kimia telah berhasil menciptakan

methode vaksinasi yang seketika (instant) dan universal, yang berarti vaksinasi ini tidak membutuhkan waktu lama

untuk menjadikan antibodies bisa aktif dalam melawan virus, bakteri, racun atau sel kanker seperti vaksinasi yang kita

kenal sampai sekarang, misalnya vaksinasi Flu membutuhkan waktu kurang lebih 2 minggu untuk menjadi aktif. Disamping itu metode vaksinasi baru ini bisa diprogram untuk melawan

bermacam macam penyakit dalam spektrum yang besar.

Prinsipnya

adalah menginjeksikan bahan kimia yang akan menjadi adapter bagi antibodies untuk

mengenal struktur permukaan penyebab penyakit ( virus,bakteri dll ), sehingga

tidak perlu lagi menantikan sampai terbentuknya antibodies yang khusus bisa

mengenal struktur permukaan sel suatu penyebab penyakit, karena adapter ini

akan melekat pada sel sel antibodies yang sudah ada. Mereka tidak lagi menanti

sampai ada „perintah“ atau „berita“ bahwa ada „musuh“ menyerang dan membentuk reseptor yang cocok untuk

mematikan sel sel atau molekul molekul penyebab penyakit itu.Mereka bisa

langsung menyerang pendatang dengan menggunakan adapter yang disuntikkan

kebadan.

Suatu

kemajuan pesat dan luar biasa dibidang vaksinasi yang sudah sejak lama

diimpikan oleh para ahli vaksinasi,kedoktera n dan biologi .

Instant and

universal vaccine.

Scripps research scientists engineer new instant immunity

Published: Monday, March 2, 2009 - 17:39 in Health

& Medicine

Learn more about: carlos barbas engineer immunity research

scientists scripps

research vaccination

The experiments, thus far performed

only in mice, appear to overcome a major drawback of vaccinations – the lag

time of days, or even weeks, that it normally takes for immunity to build

against a pathogen. This new method of vaccination could potentially be used to

provide instantaneous protection against diseases caused by viruses and

bacteria, cancers, and even virulent toxins. The work is being published in the

Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)

the week of March 2, 2009.

The team, led by Scripps Professor

Carlos Barbas, III, Ph.D., tested the vaccination method – called covalent immunization

– on mice with either melanoma or colon cancer.

The scientists injected these mice

with chemicals specifically designed to trigger a programmable and

"universal" immune reaction. They developed other chemicals,

"adapter" molecules," that recognized the specific cancer cells.

Once injected into the animal, the adapter molecules self-assembled with the

antibodies to create covalent antibody-adapter complexes.

"The antibodies in our vaccine

are designed to circulate inertly until they receive instructions from

tailor-made small molecules to become active against a specific target,"

Barbas says. "The advantage of this method is that it opens up the

possibility of having antibodies primed and ready to go in the time it takes to

receive an injection or swallow a pill. This would apply whether the target is

a cancer cell, flu virus, or a toxin like anthrax that soldiers or even

civilian populations might have to face during a bioterrorism attack."

Only those mice that received both

the vaccine and the adapter compound generated an immediate immune attack on

the cancer cells that led to significant inhibition of tumor growth. This is

the first time that such a covalent vaccine has been successfully designed and

tested – typically, antibodies do not bind to chemicals in this covalent

fashion.

The current breakthrough builds on

work the Barbas laboratory has been engaged in for the past few years on

chemically programmed monoclonal antibodies, a new class of therapeutics that

the group invented. In this type of therapy, small, cell-targeting molecules

and non-targeting catalytic monoclonal antibodies self-assemble to target

pathogens. Monoclonal antibodies are produced in the laboratory from a single

cloned B-cell – the immune system cell that makes antibodies – to bind to a

specific substance. Three clinical trials are now under way by Pfizer to test

the therapeutic effectiveness of this new type of therapy in cancer and

diabetes. The antibodies in the antibody-adapter complex are monoclonal

antibodies engineered to link themselves to adapter molecules.

The Search for the Ideal

Vaccination

The practice of vaccination has

been extraordinarily successful in controlling certain diseases, but there are

drawbacks. Vaccine development can be an educated guessing game – in the case

of the flu, for example, scientists must study worldwide outbreak patterns to

anticipate which type of flu might strike a particular area. In addition, the

most common vaccination strategies use whole proteins, viruses, or other complex

immunogens – not just the specific part of the macromolecule that is recognized

by the immune system – to elicit an immune response, which makes for wasted

immune activity. Then there is the body's own kinetics – the time it takes to

mount a disease-relevant immune response to immunogens limits the speed with

which immunity can be achieved. Finally, age-related declines in the ability to

mount strong immune responses to biological-based vaccines present another

challenge to the effectiveness of such vaccines.

Barbas's chemical-based – rather

than biological based – approach to vaccine development addresses many of these

challenges.

"Our approach differs from the

traditional vaccine approach in the sense that when we design an

antibody-adapter compound we know exactly what that compound will react

with," Barbas says. "The importance of this is best exemplified with

HIV. In current vaccines, many antibodies are generated against HIV, but most

are not able to target the active part of the virus."

In the near term, Barbas will apply

his covalent vaccination approach to HIV, cancer, and infectious diseases for

which no vaccines currently exist. A particular focus will be creating adapter

molecules specific to these diseases.

"We believe that

chemistry-based vaccine approaches have been underexplored and may provide

opportunities to make inroads into intractable areas of vaccinology, "

Barbas says.

In addition to Barbas, co-authors

of the paper, "Instant immunity through chemically programmable

vaccination and covalent self-assembly, " are Mikhail Popkov (who is first

author), Beatriz Gonzalez, and Subhash C. Sinha, all of The Scripps Research

Institute.

Source: Scripps Research Institute

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

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